Tissue Distribution of Avenanthramides and Gene Expression of Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl Transferase (HHT) in Benzothiadiazole Treated
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oats produce a group of natural products termed avenanthramides. These compounds are produced in both the vegetative tissue and the grain. They are produced in leaf tissue in response to crown rust infection and by chemical plant defense activators and likely other environmental stresses. Grain avenanthramide production tends to be constitutive but concentrations are highly variable and strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In this paper, we report the effect of a plant defense activator [benzothiadiazole (BTH)] on the temporal expression and tissue distribution of avenanthramides in the leaf, stem, root, panicle stem, glumes, lemma/palea, and filling grain in the oat plant. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HHT, a member of the BAHD acyltransferase family and the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway to the avenanthramides) activity is also determined in these tissues, as well as the relative expression ratios of HHT mRNA resulting from BTH treatment. Evidence for phloem transport of the avenanthramides is also presented. In summary, following BTH treatment, leaf tissue is the predominant location for avenanthramide biosynthesis. However, significant amounts are also found in the upper and lower stems, roots, panicle stems, and glumes. The lemma/palea and filling grain contained demonstrable but substantially lower amounts of avenanthramides. Avenanthramides were also detected in the phloem sap, indicating a source to sink transport of these metabolites following BTH treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".