Analog/Digital Hybrid Delay-Locked-Loop for K/Ka Band Satellite Retrodirective Arrays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analog/digital hybrid delay-locked-loop (DLL) phase conjugator (PC) for use in retrodirective array (RDA) applications is proposed, implemented, and measured. Compared with previous phase-locked-loop PC solutions, the proposed DLL PC has a number of unique features that make it superior to previous solutions in many applications. These features include: 1) the ability to hold the phases of conjugated outputs even when input pilots disappear; 2) the ability to track the changing rate of phases of input pilots even when the pilot signals with dynamic phases disappear for a short period of time, i.e., the implemented RDAs can constantly track a moving target for retransmission even when the incoming pilots are not available due to deep channel fading or time division duplex operation; 3) the DLL PC can be flexibly configured as the voltage-controlled phase shifters for the use in traditional phased beam-steering arrays; 4) the DLL PC can indicate direction of arrival of the incoming signals without recourse to any baseband algorithms; and 5) the DLL PC is unconditionally stable. The operation of the DLL PC is articulated in this paper, and prototypes are built and their performance and functions are tested. In addition, a K-/Ka-band RDA demonstrator for satellite communications, based on the proposed DLL PC architecture, is implemented and measured, validating the “retro-direct” functionality over a wide view angle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a DLL has been used for PC, and it is the first time that a K-/Ka-band RDA based on this technology has been experimentally demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".