Representative Bureaucracy in Multinational States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of representative bureaucracy in multinational states, i.e., states with more than one group that defines itself as a “nation.” A clear distinction is made between multinational states (with historically, culturally, and ethnically established minorities) and multiethnic states (with ethnic communities comprising different waves of immigration, whose culture is reflected in family life and associations). The authors have selected four types of multinational states in which specific notions of the state, the civil service, and national minority representation have gradually become dominant. Turkey, a unitary state, is characterized by extremely passive representation, owing to its republicanist ideology; the United Kingdom before 1997, as a union state, had active representation resulting from a unionist ideology. Canada, a federal state, is characterized by a degree of passive representation that reflects the importance given to liberal values. Nigeria, a federal communitarianist state, stands out for its extremely active representation, which is the result of communitarianist ideology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".