Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in response to energy deficiency in plants: the general mechanism of adaptation to low oxygen stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ca2+ can be released from cell compartments to the cytosol during stress conditions. We discuss here the causes of Ca2+ release under conditions of ATP concentration decline that result in the suppression of ATPases and activation of calcium ion channels. The main signaling and metabolic consequences of Ca2+ release are considered for stressed plant cells. The signaling function includes generation and spreading of calcium waves, while the metabolic function results in the activation of particular enzymes and genes. Ca2+ is involved in the activation of glutamate decarboxylase, initiating the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt and triggering the formation of alanine, processes which play a role, in particular, in pH regulation. Ca2+ activates the transcription of several genes, e.g. of plant hemoglobin (phytoglobin, Pgb) which scavenges nitric oxide and regulates redox and energy balance through the Pgb–nitric oxide cycle. This cycle involves NADH and NADPH oxidation from the cytosolic side of mitochondria, in which Ca2+- and low pH-activated external NADH and NADPH dehydrogenases participate. Ca2+ can also activate the genes of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase stimulating hypoxic fermentation. It is concluded that calcium is a primary factor that causes the metabolic shift under conditions of oxygen deficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".