A Hybrid Composite System for Strengthening Concrete Columns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Strengthening existing concrete columns using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in the form of longitudinal near-surface-mounted (NSM) bars has not gained that much attention due to the possibility of premature crushing and/or buckling of NSM bars. This paper investigates a hybrid system using both NSM and wrapping methods to prevent the premature failure and extend the contribution of NSM bars due to extended strain of confined concrete. A total of 21 plain concrete cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) were prepared, strengthened, and tested to characterize the performance of the hybrid system. Multiple glass FRP (GFRP) bars (#4) were mounted in 20 mm by 20 mm surface grooves, and unidirectional basalt FRP (BFRP) was used to wrap the specimens. The specimens were instrumented with multiple strain and displacement gauges and loaded under uniaxial compression. It was shown that the wrapping system effectively prevented the premature failure and extended the contribution of NSM bars, significantly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".