Hilbert Huang Transform Based Online Differential Relay Algorithm for a Shunt-Compensated Transmission Line
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A differential protection scheme, based on real-time analysis of a time-frequency based technique, is proposed for a transmission line with a midpoint-connected static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The first intrinsic mode function obtained from the decomposition of current signals from both ends of the transmission system, processed through an ensemble empirical mode decomposition technique, is used to estimate the discrete Teager energy (DTE) through online Hilbert-Huang transformation. The differential DTE from both ends of the line is used to detect the exact faulty phase. For analysis, a midpoint STATCOM compensated transmission line model is considered and simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD. Test cases, such as high fault resistance, fault inception angle, reverse power flow, current transformer saturation, and variation in source impedance, are generated for different operating modes of the STATCOM. The method is also tested for a cross-country fault in a double-circuit transmission system. Comparative assessment reports with other conventional approaches verify the reliability, speed, and feasibility of the proposed method.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it