Evaluation of vertical effective stress and pile lateral capacities considering scour-hole dimensions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Determination of vertical effective stress along piles is an essential part of calculation of both pile axial and lateral capacities under scour conditions. However, the current design manuals including those from the US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and American Petroleum Institute (API) recommend different methods for calculating vertical effective stress. Moreover, they are effective only for restricted scour-hole dimensions. This study presents an improved closed-form solution that allows estimation of the vertical effective stress for a wide range of scour-hole dimensions including scour depth, width, and slope angle. Using the improved analytical solution for stress, API p–y curves for sand were modified to compute pile lateral capacity at different scour-hole conditions. Based on a series of parametric analyses for laterally loaded piles in sand, errors of calculation using the existing methods were quantified and a simplified method was proposed for practical applications. Effects of different scour-hole dimensions on both vertical effective stress and pile lateral capacity were also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".