Accommodating to the Learning Environment: Secondary Control, Academic Motivation, and Language Learning Outcomes in Two Cultures.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposes to identify how secondary control, which involves adjusting the self to accommodate the environment, fits into the framework of Self-Determination Theory for both Canadian and Japanese second language students. It was hypothesized that secondary control via positive reappraisals of a negative situation (i.e., having an authoritarian language instructor) would moderate the relation between perceptions of the teacher and students’ motivation and affect. Correlational analyses of the questionnaire responses of 154 Canadian university students and 158 Japanese university students asking them about their experiences in a foreign or second language class revealed that the use of secondary control via positive reappraisals is associated with higher need satisfaction and more self-determined motivation in both Canada and Japan. Contrary to expectations, moderation effects of secondary control were not found. These findings indicate that secondary control via positive reappraisals can be a helpful strategy for maintaining students’ language learning motivation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".