Validation of an Outdoor Coast-Down Test to Measure Bicycle Resistance Parameters
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bicyclist rolling and aerodynamic resistance parameters are needed to estimate speed and energy expenditure in various travel analysis applications. These parameters have been investigated for sport and professional bicyclists, but better understanding is needed for real-world urban bicyclists. This paper describes a field coast-down test to measure bicycle resistance parameters that can be administered during traveler intercept surveys and generate representative data for advanced bicycle travel models. Mathematical models are developed that expand on past methods by accounting for varying wind and grade and allowing for increased measurement locations per test. A 12-sensor, 100-m test setup is developed, and indoor and outdoor validation tests are performed. The additional measurement locations yield higher precision than the previous three-sensor methods, but as expected, the precision of outdoor tests is lower due to inconsistent wind, grade, and riding surface. Outdoor validation tests generate rolling resistance coefficient estimates of 0.0064±0.0013 and effective frontal area estimates of 0.63±0.11 m2. Outdoor tests in a headwind are sufficiently sensitive to identify significant changes in resistance with riding position and tire pressure and are expected to generate realistic parameter estimates for parsimonious modeling of on-road bicyclists.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it