Chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus: environmental pollution in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant that is currently in intensive use and has been detected extensively in the environment. In China, the temporal and spatial distribution of DP is characterized by sources of point emissions in the south and diffusion to the north and west, including to remote, high-elevation areas, which are characterized by different climatic conditions and topographies. Thus, relatively high and low concentrations of DP have been observed in areas without significant nearby pollution sources. High DP concentrations have been observed in South China because of the recycling of large amounts of electronic waste and the presence of a DP factory. DP in urban areas is not influenced by atmospheric transportation, whereas DP in rural areas originates from atmospheric transmission from specific sources, such as e-waste recycling areas, which vary seasonally. Furthermore, DP in Chinese forest soils has been observed to preferentially accumulate in the mineral horizon due to leaching by precipitation as well as erosion by weathering in the organic horizon. Although the hazard quotient (HQ) has been estimated to be far from 1 for DP manufacturing operators, the HQ might not reveal deleterious effects on humans. Extremely high DP concentrations have been observed in serum samples from DP manufacturing operators in China. Moreover, different isomer-specific accumulation in terrestrial species, except for aquatic biota, shows that syn-DP is preferentially accumulated. Finally, to achieve better understanding of the mechanisms of DP degradation both in nature and in organisms, further laboratory study is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".