Huygens’ metasurfaces from microwaves to optics: a review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this article, the basic principles and the main applications of Huygens’ metasurfaces (HMSs) are reviewed from microwaves to optics. In general, HMSs comprise a thin layer of orthogonal electric and magnetic dipoles, which form an array of Huygens’ sources. In a refraction setting, these sources radiate mostly in the forward direction and can be used to manipulate an incident electromagnetic wave at will. In the case of passive HMSs, the Huygens’ sources are induced by an incident electromagnetic field. Examples of passive manipulations include reflectionless refraction, perfect anomalous reflection, and arbitrary antenna beam forming. In the case of active HMSs, the Huygens’ sources are impressed active sources. Active HMS manipulations include cloaking and subwavelength spot formation in a cavity environment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it