Perinodal Adipose Tissue Participates in Immune Protection through a Lymphatic Vessel–Independent Route
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lymphatic vessels remove and transport excess interstitial fluid to lymph nodes (LNs) for fluid balance and immune protection. LNs are typically surrounded by perinodal adipose tissue (PAT). However, PAT is a blood vessel–rich but lymphatic-rare tissue; therefore, how excess fluid in PAT is removed remains unclear. Using C57BL/6 mice, fluorescent dye tracing and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that fluid in PAT can travel to the LN via collagen I+ channels (PAT-LN conduits), merge into a collagen-rich space between the PAT and LN capsule (PAT-LN sinus), and may enter the LN via the LN capsule–associated conduits. This newly identified route of fluid flow allows fluid to enter the draining LN even when the afferent lymphatic vessels are blocked, indicating that fluid trafficking in PAT-LN conduits is not dependent on functional lymphatic vessels. Similar to lymphatic vessels, PAT-LN conduits can deliver Ags to the LN for immune protection. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus from intradermal or i.v. infection may use PAT-LN conduits to infect PAT and stimulate PAT immune protection. Our studies revealed a new route of material exchange between PAT and the LN. Ag accumulation and bacterial infection in PAT demonstrate that PAT not only provides energy and regulatory factors, but can also directly participate in immune protection, indicating a new immune function of PAT for host immunity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".