Direct Time-of-Flight TCSPC Analytical Modeling Including Dead-Time Effects
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The optimization of a TCSPC system requires modeling which considers the design specifications and parameters of the target application under different operating scenarios. Since single-photon detection is fundamentally a stochastic process, extensive behavioral Monte Carlo simulations are normally used. Their accuracy depends upon computation time. However, the trend towards larger SPAD arrays and emerging complex TDC sharing architectures requires much faster simulation methods. In this paper, a simple, fast and accurate analytical model is presented to address this need. It accounts for dead time effects which result in missed photon counts through the analysis of inhomogeneous continuous time Markov chain. The effective received power and photon detection rate are determined and the corresponding analytical histogram is created. This histogram is the basis for calculating time of flight and can be used to explore architectural alternatives and accelerate design verification. Outputs of the presented analytical model match those of Monte Carlo simulations, and are produced considerably faster. The computation time improvement grows with array sizes and this enables parametric analysis of TCSPC system.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it