In-Situ Electrochemical X-Ray Diffraction of Pt Oxidation and Reduction in Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells has increasingly demanded lower precious metal catalyst loadings. A better understanding of platinum nanoparticle degradation mechanisms and electrochemistry will be essential in preserving fuel cell performance over increased device lifetimes. In-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction/scattering is a powerful tool for characterizing commercial catalyst layers in an electrochemical cell1-2. Recent advances in hardware presently allow time-resolved scattering measurements and diffractive imaging3 without compromising electrochemical experiments. New cell designs4 greatly improve the ease and flexibility of measuring membrane electrode assemblies under environmental conditions and Pt loadings relevant for fuel cell operation and degradation. The structural effects and kinetics of platinum electrochemistry on nanoparticles can be directly probed using x-ray diffraction. The evolution of nanoparticle strain, atomic ordering, oxidation, and dissolution are monitored in the presence of adsorbing molecular species under potential control. We show how by monitoring Pt particle size, and Pt lattice strain, it is possible to deconvolute chemical and electrochemical steps in the mechanism of Pt oxidation and reduction. Measurements using conventional single crystal and half cell experiments are compared with x-ray diffraction on an operating PEM fuel cell cathode. Several differences in surface chemistry between these cell configurations are detected, which is directly relevant to the development of better accelerated aging and stress-testing protocols. Particular attention has been given towards developing these advanced synchrotron techniques as useful tools for the non-specialist. Recent advances improving the accessibility of in situ diffraction for the electrochemical community are discussed. Figure 1. X-ray transparent half-cell suitable for high-energy x-ray diffraction of membrane electrode assemblies (left). X-ray powder diffractogram obtained from fuel cell cathode during the oxygen reduction reaction (right). Imai, K. Izumi, M. Matsumoto, Y. Kubo, K. Kato and Y. Imai. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131 (17), pp 6293–6300 K. Sasaki, N. Marinkovic, H.S. Isaacs, and R.R. Adzic. ACS Catal., 2016, 6 (1), pp 69–76 F. Reikowski, T. Wiegmann, J. Stettner, J. Drnec, V. Honkimaki, F. Maroun, P. Allongue, O.M. Magnussen. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2017, 8 (5), pp 1067–1071 B. Pinaud, A. Bonakdarpour, L. Daniel, J. Sharman and D.P. Wilkinson. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164 (4), pp F321-F327 Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".