Metastable States in Pressurized Bulk and Mesoporous Germanium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Combination of porosity and hydrostaticity during compression is used with a view to explore the energy landscape of germanium. In this work, pressure-induced phase transformations in mesoporous crystalline Ge has been investigated by in situ Raman spectroscopy. A pressure-induced amorphization to a low-density amorphous (LDA) state was observed prior to a reversible polyamorphic transformation between LDA and high-density amorphous states. These pressure-induced transformations show some similarities with the behavior previously reported in nanoparticles. Thermodynamics models developed in the case of nanoparticles are successfully used indicating that, in both cases, the large surface-to-volume ratio leads to an increase of the system energy and that mesoporous materials may be considered as the negative image of a collection of nanoparticles. However, an inhomogeneous stress distribution is expected in porous materials because of it being a network with hyperbolic geometry. A control experiment is presented using a reference bulk germanium sample. The diamond-to-β-tin transformation is observed starting at around 8.0 GPa. On decompression, the metastable ST12 (Ge-III) phase is observed. Ab initio simulations are used to assign and interpret Raman spectra of this phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".