Bibliographic record
Abstract
In AWAKE, long proton bunches propagate through a plasma, generating wakefields through the self-modulation instability (SMI). The phase velocity of these wakefields changes during the first 4 m of propagation and growth of the SMI, after which it stabilizes at the proton bunch velocity. This means that the ideal injection point for electrons to be accelerated is after 4 m into the plasma. Using the PIC code OSIRIS, we study how small changes in the initial proton bunch parameters (such as charge, radial and longitudinal bunch length, etc) to be expected in the experiment affect the phase velocity of the wakefields, primarily by looking at the difference in the phase of the wakefields at the point of injection (along the bunch and along the plasma) when changing these parameters by a small amount (±5%). We also look for the region of optimal acceleration/focusing for electron injection. Ultimately, it is found that small changes in the initial proton bunch parameters are not expected to significantly impact electron injection experiments in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".