Aqueous Based Asymmetrical-Bipolar Electrochemical Capacitor with a 2.4 V Operating Voltage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel aqueous-based asymmetrical-bipolar electrochemical capacitor (EC) was developed. The EC device has leveraged the contributions from a Zn-CNT asymmetrical electrode and a KOH-H2SO4 dual-pH electrolyte. The positive and the negative electrodes operate in their respective electrolytes that have different pH values, leading to a cell voltage of 2.4 V. The potential tracking of both electrodes reveals that the Zn negative electrode maintains a potential of -1.2 V, while the CNT positive electrode is charged and discharged reversible up to +1.2 V. A bipolar ion exchange membrane effectively separates the acid and the alkaline from neutralizing. As a result, the aqueous-based asymmetrical-bipolar EC device has shown stable performance with a capacitance retention of 94 % and a coulombic efficiency of 99% over 10,000 cycles. The asymmetrical-bipolar design overcomes the thermodynamic limitation of water decomposition of the aqueous-based electrolyte, paving a new avenue towards aqueous-based ECs and energy storage systems with both high energy and power density. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".