Surface Oxidation of Pt(111) Studied By Surface X-Ray Diffraction and Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrochemical growth of Pt oxide is important because of its role in the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) and in Pt dissolution, which affect the performance and durability of PEM fuel cell Pt electrocatalysts. It has been known for a long time that potential cycling leads to a restructuring of the surface, in which Pt atoms move away from their lattice sites. The details of this process have not been fully resolved, though early surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) studies confirmed the key role of a "place exchange" in which Pt and O (or OH) species exchange places [1]. Reported here are in-situ SXRD and Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) studies of Pt(111) electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4 carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility [2-6]. The atoms are located by a crystal-truncation rod analysis, which shows that the place-exchanged Pt is located directly above its original lattice site. Simultaneous cyclic voltammograms of current and the intensity of the (1,1,1.5) reflection associate the initiation of the place exchange with the "oxide" peak at 1.05 V vs RHE. The voltammogram is unchanged by cycling to 1.15 V, as the place exchange is reversed on the reduction cycle, albeit with significant hysteresis. Cycling to higher potentials leads to irreversible changes to the surface, which were studied in detail with GISAXS. GISAXS probes the evolution of nanoscale features on the surface. Progressive surface roughening occurs with cycling, to an extent that is dependent on the upper reversal potential (E up). The average spacing of the islands ranges from 40-70 Å for E up from 1.4-1.6 V, with smaller spacing for higher potentials. The spacing increases slightly with cycle number but is mainly determined after the first cycle. The islands grow in height and become more prominent and homogeneous in size with the number of cycles. These changes are similar to the evolution of Pt surfaces in UHV undergoing deposition of Pt or surface erosion, showing that the underlying processes such as vacancy coalescence are common for the UHV and electrochemical cases. SXRD experiments in the presence of oxygen show no effect on the place exchange during cycling. The oxygen reduction current decreases at potentials more negative than the initiation of the place exchange, showing that it is limited by the adsorbed intermediate(s) in the ORR (likely OH) and not Pt oxide formation. The authors thank the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for support. [1] H. You, D.J. Zurawski, Z. Nagy, R.M. Yonco, J. Chem. Phys., 100, 4699 (1994). [2] J. Drnec, M. Ruge, F. Reikowski, B. Rahn, F. Carlà, R. Felici, J. Stettner, O.M. Magnussen, D.A. Harrington, Electrochim. Acta, 224, 220 (2017). [3] M. Ruge, J. Drnec, B. Rahn, F. Reikowski, D.A. Harrington, F. Carlà, R. Felici, J. Stettner, O.M. Magnussen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 4532 (2017). [4] M. Ruge, J. Drnec, B. Rahn, F. Reikowski, D.A. Harrington, F. Carla, R. Felici, J. Stettner, O.M. Magnussen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, H608 (2017). [5] J. Drnec, M. Ruge, F. Reikowski, B. Rahn, F. Carlà, R. Felici, J. Stettner, O.M. Magnussen, D.A. Harrington, Pt oxide and oxygen reduction at Pt(111) studied by SXRD, Electrochem. Comm., 84, 50 (2017). [6] J. Drnec, D.A. Harrington, O.M. Magnussen, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, (2017), doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2017.09.021
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".