Seismic performance evaluation of circular reinforced concrete bridge piers retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A large number of researchers around the globe are currently conducting investigations on the use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. It has been observed that such strengthening technique can be a cost-effective method for restoring and increasing the strength and ductility of piers damaged during catastrophic events, like earthquakes. Material properties, amount of longitudinal and transverse steel, external confinement, axial load and shear span-depth ratio affect the lateral load capacity, ductility and failure mode of retrofitted bridge piers under seismic load. These parameters are considerably different in the pre-1970 code designed RC bridge piers compared to the current seismically designed bridges. This research investigates the effect of different factors and their interactions on the limit states of FRP-confined seismically deficient RC circular bridge piers using factorial design method. Nonlinear static pushover analyses of the non-seismically designed FRP retrofitted circular bridge piers are conducted in order to determine the sequence of different limit states such as yielding of reinforcement, and concrete crushing along with ductility capacity of the piers. In addition, nonlinear reverse cyclic, and dynamic time-history analyses are carried out in order to determine the lateral load carrying capacity, flexural ductility, and hysteretic behavior of such retrofitted piers. Fragility curves are developed for the FRP retrofitted RC bridge piers considering different limit states of displacement ductility as the demand parameter. The incremental dynamic analysis is conducted by considering 20 ground motion records to investigate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the retrofitted piers. The fragility curves are described using lognormal distribution functions with two parameters developed as a function of peak ground acceleration. The impact of various parameters is evaluated on the bridge pier fragility curve based on the theory of probability. This study shows that the shear span-depth ratio, the yield strength of reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, axial load and FRP confinement significantly affect the lateral load capacity, ductility and the failure mode of the retrofitted bridge piers under seismic load.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".