The Effects of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ACBFS) Aggregate on the Chemistry of Pore Solution and the Interfacial Transition Zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that concrete incorporating air cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) aggregate showed a higher degree of infilling of voids with ettringite as opposed to concrete prepared using naturally mined carbonate aggregates when exposed to similar environmental conditions. This observation prompted some to link the deterioration observed in the ACBFS aggregate concrete structures to the compromised freeze-thaw resistance due to infilling of air voids. Concerns about the release of sulfur from ACBFS aggregate into the pore solution of concrete had been presented as the reason for the observed ettringite deposits in the air voids. However, literature quantifying the influence of ACBFS aggregate on the chemistry of the pore solution of concrete is absent. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to quantify the effects of ACBFS aggregate on the chemistry of the pore solution of mortars incorporating them. Coarse and crushed ACBFS aggregates were submerged in artificial pore solutions (APSs) representing pore solutions of 3-day, 7-day, and 28-day hydrated plain, binary, and ternary paste systems. The change in the chemistry of these artificial pore solutions was recorded to quantify the chemical contribution of ACBFS aggregate to the pore solution of concrete. It was observed that the sulfate concentration of all APSs increased once they were in contact with either coarse or crushed ACBFS aggregate. After 28 days of contact, the increase in sulfate concentration of the APSs ranged from 4.85 – 12.23 mmol/L and 14.21 – 16.87 mmol/L for contact with coarse and crushed ACBFS aggregate, respectively. More than 40% of the total sulfate that was released by the ACBFS aggregate occurred during the first 72 hours (3 days) of its contact with the APSs. There was little or no difference in the amount of sulfate released from ACBFS aggregate in the different types of APSs. In other words, the type of binder solution from which pore solution was extracted had no effect on the amount of sulfate that was released when it was in contact with ACBFS aggregate. The relatively quick release of sulfur from ACBFS aggregate into the APSs prompted investigation of the chemical composition of the pore solution of mortar (at early stages of hydration) incorporating ACBFS aggregate. The chemical composition of the pore solutions obtained from mortars prepared using ACBFS aggregate and plain and binary paste matrices was compared those of mortars prepared using Ottawa sand and plain and binary paste matrices. After 7 days of hydration, the sulfur (S) concentration of the pore solution extracted from mortars prepared using ACBFS aggregate was 3.4 – 5.6 times greater than that obtained from corresponding mortars (i.e. mortars with the same paste matrix) prepared using Ottawa sand. Binary mortars containing fly ash (FA) showed the lowest S content after 7 days of hydration amongst all mortars prepared using ACBFS aggregate. On the other hand, binary mortars prepared using slag cement (SC) and ACBFS aggregate had the highest S concentration after 7 days of hydration. These effects on the S concentration in the pore solutions can be explained by the difference in the chemical makeup of the binders, and not because of different rate of release of S from ACBFS into the pore solution. In addition, TGA analysis of 7-day hydrated mortars revealed that the ettringite, monosulfate, and calcium hydroxide content was lower in mortars prepared using ACBFS aggregate as opposed to those prepared using Ottawa sand. This could be because of the low degree of hydration in mortars with ACBFS aggregate because of the high sulfate concentration in its pore solution. The properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), i.e. the zone in the vicinity of the aggregate surface, depends on the property of the aggregate such as its porosity and texture. Therefore, it is expected that the properties of ITZ around the ACBFS particle, which is porous and proven to contribute sulfate, be different from the ITZ around the naturally mined siliceous aggregate. Image analysis conducted on backscattered images obtained using scanning electron microscope revealed that the ITZ of naturally mined siliceous aggregate was more porous compared to the ITZ of ACBFS aggregate. In addition, calcium hydroxide deposits were more frequent and larger in size in the ITZ around siliceous sand than in the case of the ITZ around the ACBFS aggregate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".