The cholinergic system in the basal forebrain of the Atlantic white‐sided dolphin (<i>Lagenorhynchus acutus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BFB) cholinergic neurotransmitter system is important in a number of brain functions including attention, memory, and the sleep-wake cycle. The size of this region has been linked to the increase in encephalization of the brain in a number of species. Cetaceans, particularly those belonging to the family Delphinidae, have a relatively large brain compared to its body size and it is expected that the cholinergic BFB in the dolphin would be a prominent feature. However, this has not yet been explored in detail. This study examines and maps the neuroanatomy and cholinergic chemoarchitecture of the BFB in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus). As in some other mammals, the BFB in this species is a prominent structure along the medioventral surface of the brain. The parcellation and distribution of cholinergic neural elements of the dolphin BFB was comparable to that observed in other mammals in that it has a medial septal nucleus, a nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, a nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, and a nucleus basalis of Meynert. The observed BFB cholinergic system of this dolphin is consistent with evolutionarily conserved and important functions for survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".