Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Promotes Survival of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells in Vitro through Smad2/3 Activation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) was recently identified as a rejuvenation factor that promoted neurogenesis in aged mice.Previous work has revealed that gdf11 mRNA is expressed in the developing retina, and GDF11 protein can signal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to grow dendrites in vitro.The developmental expression pattern of GDF11 in RGCs and the impact of GDF11 on mammalian RGCs remain unknown.The current study investigated 1) the developmental time course of GDF11 expression in RGCs, 2) the effect of GDF11 on RGC survival and axon growth in vitro, and 3) the mechanisms mediating GDF11 responses in RGCs.Retinae were collected from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice at different developmental stages to evaluate the expression of GDF11 in RGCs.Postnatal RGCs were also cultured in the presence of GDF11 treatment.The results show that GDF11 does not promote axon growth but rather enhances RGC survival in vitro through activation of Smad2/3. GDF11 protects retinal ganglion cells in vitroiii
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".