Effects of language experience and task demands on talker recognition by children and adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Talker recognition is a language-dependent process, with listeners recognizing talkers better when the talkers speak a familiar versus an unfamiliar language. This language familiarity effect (LFE) is firmly established in adults, but its developmental trajectory in children is not well understood. Some evidence suggests that the effect already exists in infancy, but little is known about how it unfolds in childhood. The present study explored whether the strength of the LFE increases in early childhood. Adults and children were tested in their native language and a foreign language using a "same-different" talker discrimination task and a "voice line-up" talker recognition task. Results showed that adults and 6-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, exhibit a robust LFE, suggesting that the effect strengthens as children's language competence increases. For both adults and older children, the emergence of an LFE moreover appeared to be task-dependent. This study contributes to a better understanding of how children develop mature talker recognition abilities and when children's processing of indexical and linguistic information in speech approaches adult-like levels. Furthermore, the findings reported here contribute to the debates regarding the origins of the LFE-a hallmark of adult talker recognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".