2.4-O4Gender disparities in infant immunization rates in Ontario, Canada across maternal countries of origin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Most immigrant mothers to Canada originate from gender inequitable countries, where girls often face disadvantages accessing essential primary care. We aimed to identify gender-based patterns in immunization rates among Ontario-born infants with different maternal countries of origin. Methods: This is a retrospective population-based cohort study of healthy, term, singleton infants born between April 1st 2002-March 31st 2012, to mothers from the 15 most common countries of origin (n = 1,320,766; Canada, India, China, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Poland, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Guyana, USA, Iraq, Iran, and Somalia; n all countries> 6100 births). Using Poisson regression, we estimated differences in female male immunization rates at 24 months, stratified by maternal country of origin. A siblings-only sensitivity analysis was restricted to families with at least one Ontario-born female and male child (n = 508,509). Results: Females had slightly higher immunization rates whose mothers were Canadian- (mean Female:5.74, Male:5.72; RD: 0.002, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.004), Iranian- (RD: 0.023, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.042), and Somalian-born (RD: 0.032, 95%CI: 0.01,0.055). Males with Indian-born mothers had slightly higher immunization rates than females (RD: -0.007, 95%CI: -0.014, -0.001). No other countries showed statistically significant gender differences. In the sibling analysis, the female-male rate difference grew among infants of Indian-born mothers (RD: -0.012 95%CI: -0.022, -0.003). The direction switched in favor of males for infants of Iranian-born mothers (RD: -0.03, 95%CI: -0.06, -0.01). All other associations remained unchanged. Conclusions: Only very small gender differences exist in immunizations within select maternal countries of origin including Canada, India, Iran, and Somalia. Gender equity in immunizations is mostly being achieved among children of immigrants. Main messages: Many immigrants to Canada originate from countries with high gender inequity where girls receive inadequate primary care. Our research shows that gender inequity in infant immunizations after immigration to Canada is very small.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".