High-Precision Coulometry Studies of the Impact of Temperature and Time on SEI Formation in Li-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrolyte reacts at the surfaces of charging electrodes during the first cycle of a Li-ion cell (formation). This creates the initial solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), which passivate the electrodes against further reactions with electrolyte. The quality of the SEIs improve over time as a cell matures. The coulombic efficiencies (CEs) of fresh cells (measured by high-precision coulometry, (HPC)) stabilize after a certain period of time (up to 600 hours), after which different cell chemistries can then be ranked for their quality. The purpose of this work is to accelerate the maturation of SEIs during the first cycle, allowing for stabilized CE measurements to be taken after less time. The effects of formation cycle temperature, voltage and duration on subsequent CE are explored. Undergoing formation at 60°C accelerates the maturity of cells. XPS analysis suggests that organic SEI species are replaced by inorganic SEI species as a cell matures. These results give insight into the mechanisms of cell maturity. Application of the formation protocol described in this work may decrease the time needed for HPC experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".