The Degree of Including International Standards of Science Education in the Physics Syllabus of Palestinian Secondary Schools
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed at finding out the degree of including international standards of science education in the physicssyllabus of the secondary stage in Palestinian schools. The sample of the study consisted of the analytical aspect ofthe physics textbooks of the eleventh and twelfth grades. The findings of the study show that the rates of includinginternational standards of science education in these textbooks do not match expectations. The study also shows thatthe criterion of physics ranked first on the study scale among the criteria of content, followed by the criterion ofscience as a survey, and then the criterion of unified concepts and processes of science. However, there is obviousomission of the standards of science and technology, science from personal and societal perspectives, and the historyand nature of science. In light of these results, the researcher recommends the development of the physics syllabus ofthe secondary stage to include international standards. The study, further, calls for more research on the assessmentof physics textbooks and other disciples of science at different educational levels in view of content standards as wellason the impact of including such standards on the learning outputs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".