Wideband and Ultrawideband Phase Shifter Designs Based on Low-Pass/Bandpass/High-Pass Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design of wideband and ultrawideband 90° phase shifters using coupled-line sections and low-pass/bandpass/high-pass networks with inductors and capacitors. By relaxing the tight-coupling requirement, the proposed phase shifters are realized with much easier fabrication process. It is demonstrated how the embedded low-pass/bandpass/high-pass networks make the phase shifters wideband. The fabricated phase shifters with low-pass, bandpass, and high-pass networks using discrete elements achieve the operating bandwidths of 44%, 83%, and 107%, respectively. Later, discrete elements are replaced by their equivalent short and open microstrip lines to make the system monolithic and more reliable, especially at higher frequencies. The measured results show approximately equal bandwidths of 40%, 87%, and 94% for the phase shifters with low-pass, bandpass, and high-pass networks, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".