Development of a Thermal-Sprayed Coating System to Mitigate Ice Accumulation and Freezing Damage in Carbon Steel Pipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A multi-layered thermal-sprayed coating system, developed as a resistive heating system, was deposited on a carbon steel pipe. The feasibility of using a 50Cr-50Ni coating as a heating element on top of a conductive substrate was studied. Alumina was deposited to serve as an electrically insulating layer between the metal coating and the substrate to restrict the flow of electrons from the metal alloy heating element to the steel substrate. Continuity, homogeneity, and adhesion of the coating were qualitatively analyzed by studying scanning electron microscope images. The performance of the heating system was determined by measuring the ice temperature and the times required to heat and melt the solid ice that was formed within the pipe. It was found that the coating system was able to generate the heat required to melt the ice in the pipe, thus avoiding the detrimental effects on the pipe of internal liquid freezing. This suggests that the proposed novel resistive heating system can be used on an industrial scale to mitigate or avoid the detrimental effects of ice accumulation in steel and other metallic pipes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".