What Every Anesthesiologist Must Know About Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, Europe and the United States, more than five million adults suffer complications of congenital heart disease (CHD), which recently surpassed the number of children with CHD.I provided anesthesia during open-heart surgery for children undergoing repair of CHD for six years at University of California, San Francisco and for three years at Children's Hospital of Orange County.The usual anesthesia residency experience only includes a few adults with CHD undergoing general surgery.Fellowships in cardiac anesthesia were not formalized according to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) until the last several years.Although "Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology" is now an ACGME fellowship, it only allows two months of electives overall, and merely strongly encourages two weeks of CHD.An ACGME pediatric anesthesia fellowship year requires two months of CHD surgery.With this limited experience dealing with CHD, there is discussion in some hospitals of requiring a second year of fellowship, totaling six years of training after medical school, to conduct anesthesia for CHD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".