Cytosolic Galectins and Their Release and Roles as Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in Host–Pathogen Interaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer of glycoconjugates found on the surface of both host cells and microorganisms.Information presented on some of the glycans on glycoconjugates is recognized by mammalian glycan-binding proteins, lectins, and these interactions modulate various physiological processes, including host innate immune responses.Lectins and host glycoconjugates are synthesized in the same secretory pathway.One notable exception is a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding lectins, galectins, which are synthesized and accumulated in the cytosol and thereby segregated from their glycan ligands.In cases where pathogenic infection persists and tissue injury occurs, galectins are passively released from injured cells.In addition, galectins are actively secreted through unconventional secretory pathways by inflammation-activated or differentiating cells.Thus, extracellular emergence of galectins is associated with the presence of pathogenic hazards.Evidence from a series of studies suggests that galectins exert multiple immunological effects.Extracellular galectin-3 acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and adhesion molecule for neutrophils in lungs to initiate a proinflammatory response and to mediate rapid neutrophil migration in lungs infected with pathogenic microorganisms.In this review, the roles of galectin-3 in initial innate immune responses and resolution are discussed together with a historical overview of research on galectins in the secretory pathway and innate immunology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".