Evaluation of Vaso-Occlusive Crisis Management with Patient Controlled Analgesia in Children with Sickle Cell Disease Requiring Admission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is one of the most distressing occurrences in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is recommended by NIH and expert opinions favor its early use. OBJECTIVES We aim to review the use of PCA in patients with VOC and to evaluate if its early use is associated with faster pain control and reduced length of stay (LOS). DESIGN/METHODS This retrospective single center study included all paediatric patients admitted and treated with PCA for a severe VOC from 2010 to 2016. “Early” use was defined as start of PCA within 48 hours of arrival in the emergency department (ED) and “late” use after 48 hours. Time to reach adequate analgesia was defined as OUCHER, verbal scale or Faces Pain Scale < 5/10 obtained twice consecutively in a 4-hours interval. Time to reach adequate analgesia and LOS were compared between early-PCA and late-PCA groups. RESULTS A total of 46 patients presented 87 episodes of VOC treated with PCA during the study. Sixty-one episodes (70%) were treated with early-PCA and 26 (30%) with late-PCA. Both groups were comparable in terms of age (13.2 vs 12.8 years old), gender (55.8% female vs 57.7%), hemoglobin phenotype (80.3% HbSS vs 76.9%), but median pain score at admission was higher in early-PCA than in late-PCA (9/10 vs 7/10, median difference 1 (95% CI 0, 2). Early-PCA was associated with a median reduction in LOS of 3.15 days (95% CI 1.65, 4.82) (median early-PCA LOS 6.4 vs late-PCA 10.0 days). Time to reach analgesia could be evaluated only in a subset of patients (20 in early-PCA and 12 in late-PCA group). Although time to reach adequate analgesia tended to be shorter in the early-PCA group, it was not statistically different: median102.9 hours vs 123.5 hours, difference of 30.4 (95% CI -4.0,72.5). Side effects were observed during 29 (33.3%) PCA treatments (19/61 (31.2%) episodes in early-PCA, 10/26 (38.5%) in late-PCA group) among which 16 (18.6%) were significant adverse events. These were observed in 15 patients who required interventions: 2 desaturations requiring oxygen without intubation, 8 neurologic abnormalities (hallucinations, visual abnormalities, no stroke), 6 urinary retentions. CONCLUSION Early use of PCA for severe VOC was associated with a reduced length of hospital stay despite that these patients had higher pain score on admission. Prospective studies are needed to support these positive outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".