Peri‐anal surface dose in anal canal <scp>VMAT</scp> radiotherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Skin bolus may routinely be used in the perineum to build up the surface dose in the treatment of anal cancer (ACC); this may contribute to significant acute skin toxicity. Skin bolus may not be needed with the introduction of modern radiotherapy techniques if these planning techniques would achieve adequate surface dose. Our study is to ascertain if appropriate skin dose can be achieved without the use of bolus when VMAT is used in the treatment of ACC. METHODS: The study includes 10 ACC patients treated with VMAT radiotherapy. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLD) are used to evaluate whether the calculated dose for the VMAT planning technique (VMAT-PT) accurately predicted the dose delivered to peri-anal target region without bolus. The OSLD recorded the dose at the anal verge or at the lower most extent of the tumour for each patient over two fractions. The OSLD was read after each of the two fractions, and the average value was reported. The mean dose over a volume centred on the anal marker was calculated in the treatment planning system (TPS). RESULTS: The mean TPS-calculated dose was 186.1 cGy. The mean of the OSLD-measured doses was 205.7 cGy for a single fraction. The mean of the measured doses was 10.6% higher than the mean of the calculated doses. CONCLUSIONS: The calculated dose for the VMAT-PT consistently under-predicted the dose delivered to the peri-anal target region without bolus. Routine use of skin bolus could be avoided with VMAT-PT when the patient is treated in a supine position.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".