3D Bioprinting Stem Cell Derived Tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stem cells offer tremendous promise for regenerative medicine as they can become a variety of cell types. They also continuously proliferate, providing a renewable source of cells. Recently, it has been found that 3D printing constructs using stem cells, can generate models representing healthy or diseased tissues, as well as substitutes for diseased and damaged tissues. Here, we review the current state of the field of 3D printing stem cell derived tissues. First, we cover 3D printing technologies and discuss the different types of stem cells used for tissue engineering applications. We then detail the properties required for the bioinks used when printing viable tissues from stem cells. We give relevant examples of such bioprinted tissues, including adipose tissue, blood vessels, bone, cardiac tissue, cartilage, heart valves, liver, muscle, neural tissue, and pancreas. Finally, we provide future directions for improving the current technologies, along with areas of focus for future work to translate these exciting technologies into clinical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".