Seasonal Pattern and Sources of Particulate Carbon in Kananaskis and Calgary, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sources, seasonal pattern of elemental carbon(EC), organic carbon(OC), and total carbon from dry deposition and precipitation in Kananaskis and Calgary were assessed using thermo-optical methods. Vehicle exhaust was inferred to be dominant source of carbon throughout the year with an identical OC/EC of 22±14 in Calgary and 22±5 in Kananaskis in dry deposition. Biogenic OC signal was absent in Kananaskis in precipitation or dry deposition. Biomass burning, with a lower OC/EC both in winter and summer, was potentially associated with recreation and tourism in Kananaskis. Sources from long-range transport impact both locations simultaneously. A lower boundary layer at night concentrates TC and a higher boundary layer in the day lower the concentration in both locations. OC is much more easily removed by precipitation than EC due to is larger surface area and size and OC/EC ratios in precipitation reaching 130 were observed in Calgary while those in Kananaskis reached 46.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".