Cord blood insulin, <scp>IGF</scp>‐I, <scp>IGF</scp>‐<scp>II</scp>, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, and their associations with insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function and adiposity in infancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Vulnerability to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes may originate in early life, but little is known about whether any perinatal biomarkers are predictive of later metabolic health. We sought to assess whether cord blood insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin are associated with metabolic health indicators in infancy. METHODS: In a prospective singleton birth cohort, we assessed cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in relation to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, BMIz-score, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (an indicator of adiposity) in infants at age 1 year (n = 185). RESULTS: Adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, one standard deviation (sd) increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with an 11.1% (95% confidence interval 1.8-19.5%) decrease in HOMA-β (P = 0.02) and a 13.6% (1.8-26.8%) increase in proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (P = 0.02), indicating worse β-cell function in infants at age 1 year. One sd increase in cord blood insulin was associated with a 0.5 (0.1-1.0) mm increase in skinfold thickness (P = 0.01). One sd increase in cord blood ghrelin was associated with a 0.2 (0.02-0.3) decrease in BMIz-score (P = 0.02) and a 0.5 (0.1-0.9) mm decrease (P = 0.02) in skinfold thickness. Cord blood IGF-I and IGF-II were not associated with the observed metabolic health indicators at age 1 year. CONCLUSION: The study is the first to show that cord blood adiponectin may be negatively predictive of β-cell function, whereas cord blood ghrelin may be negatively predictive of adiposity in infancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".