An Improved Antenna Theory Model of Lightning Return Stroke Using a Distributed Current Source–Part II: Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A full-wave method of Maxwell's equations is adopted for the analysis of lightning electromagnetic fields. The method is based on a numerical solution of the electric field integral equation by the method of moments (MoM). A new electromagnetic model of the lightning channel based on a thin-wire antenna with distributed current sources allows the use of Sommerfeld integrals for the evaluation of electromagnetic fields due to lightning, in stratified media. In order to extend the study to more complex systems including the lightning channel and its nearby structures, an array of conducting wires and metallic surfaces is used to represent the entire system. An efficient and cost-effective MoM method capable to compute the variation of spatial one-dimensional linear currents and two-dimensional surface currents is implemented. It permits the evaluation of the electromagnetic interference effects of lightning in a complex environment, without the use of approximate formulas. The proposed method is capable of analyzing the electromagnetic interference effects of lightning for a wide range of applications. Several case studies, including the analysis of lightning-induced disturbances on overhead lines, underground cables, and shielding enclosures, are also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".