Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time lapse imagery, an audio recorder and geophones were used to detect iceberg calving events on the Belcher Glacier, Devon Island, in the Canadian High Arctic, in order to identify the major controls on the rate and style of calving. Eleven calving events were identified between June 4th and August 14th 2009 which accounted for 44% of the annual calving flux. Several of the events recorded in the audio data were associated with debris avalanching and disintegration of large tabular bergs. The geophones did not identify calving events but did record hydro-fracturing when terminus water-filled crevasses drained into the glacier. None of the calving events were a direct response to an increase in ice velocity in the terminus region, break-up of the sea ice/mélange, tidal flexure of the terminus, or propagation of water-filled crevasses. The Belcher Glacier maintains a lightly grounded stable terminus position but develops a protrusion at the glacier centreline every few years. When this occurs, as it did in 2009, the meltwater plume is active in eroding the lateral stability of the protrusion by locally enhancing the calving rate. Further investigation is required to examine whether basal melt also undercuts the protrusion, eventually leading to its flotation. In 2009 the protrusion calved off as a series of tabular icebergs which strongly suggests it was floating, as do calculations of height-above-buoyancy and subglacial effective pressure. In general, calving was not driven by a single identifiable cause and its stochastic timing may reflect the progressive accumulation of damage to the ice as it is transported to the terminus. The interactions of ice flow with the ice and bed geometry, as well as ponding and hydro-fracturing of supraglacial meltwater, seemed to be the main contributors to this damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".