Visualization of Delay Claim Analysis Using 4D Simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The precedence diagram method (PDM) is an accepted standard in the construction industry and a recognized method in courts in case of delay claims. In particular, four-dimensional (4D) simulation is becoming more prevalent in the construction industry as a means of decreasing productivity losses and delay claims. A 4D simulation is generated by linking a project three-dimensional (3D) model with the PDM schedule. It can be used for the visualization of the critical path to identify the cause–effect relationships and the responsible entity in the context of claims avoidance or claims resolution. This paper explores the use of 4D simulation for the visual comparison of float values when analyzing shifts in the critical path caused by delays. The findings are provided using a specific delay claim analysis method (i.e., time impact analysis) to model a hydropower workshop inspired by the industry context. In summary, 4D simulation has evolved into a reliable method for delay claim analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".