WHICH COGNITIVE DOMAINS ARE AFFECTED IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS? AN ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO AGE, SEX, DEPRESSION AND COMORBIDITIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: We aimed in our study to investigate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and the affected domains in relationship with age, comorbidities and some cardiovascular risk factors among hypertensive patients. Design and method: We enrolled 357 consecutive hypertensive patients (54.1% female, 45.9% male, mean age 67.86 ± 10.45 years). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) tests were used to evaluate cognitive status and the shortened 13 items form of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) for detecting depression. MoCA's cognitive domains were studied, according to the presence or absence of comorbidities and risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation, depression. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of means. Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS v.20 program. Results: We found MoCA < 26 in 70.6% (252 patients; mean score: 22.42 points, ± 4.72), MMSE < 24 in 19.6% (70 patients, mean score: 26.05 points, ± 3.24). Age negatively correlated with MoCA scores. The cognitive domains impaired by ageing were attention, visuospatial/executive, abstraction, delayed recall and language domains, while orientation and naming remained unaffected in most cases. Patients with former stroke (13.4%) had significantly lower scores in visuospatial/executive, attention, language and orientation domains, while those with atrial fibrillation (22.7%) in language and abstraction (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in cognitive domains among patients affected or not by peripheral artery disease (11.2%), coronary heart disease (35.3%) and type 2 diabetes (38.7%). Depression was detected in 57.1% (mean BDI-13: 8.01, ± 6.04 points), depressive patients had lower performance compared to nondepressives, especially in visuospatial/executive, attention, language, abstraction and delayed recall domains. A gender related significant difference in the distribution of visuospatial/executive, naming and attention domains was present (p < 0.05), women had globally lower scores. Obese patients (47.89%) had significantly higher MOCA scores than non-obese patients, presenting better performance in visuospatial/executive and delayed recall domains. Conclusions: Mild cognitive impairment is common among hypertensive patients. Aging and depression has negative impact on cognitive performances. Women may have greater risk for cognitive decline. Cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases may influence different domains of cognitive functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".