Taxonomic status of Harlan’s Hawk Buteo jamaicensis harlani (Aves: Accipitriformes)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since its description in 1830 by Audubon, Harlan's Hawk (taxon harlani) has been considered both as a species (Buteo harlani) (1830-1891 and 1944-1972) and as a subspecies of Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis harlani) (1891-1944 and 1973 to present). Both decisions making it a subspecies lacked sufficient taxonomic justification, whereas the 1944 decision to consider it a species was supported by convincing arguments. I conducted field and museum work over many years to better understand the morphology and taxonomic status of harlani and how this taxon differs from other taxa currently included in B. jamaicensis. Some hybridization between these taxa has been reported, as has been between many other species of Buteo. The taxon harlani is distinguished from all subspecies of B. jamaicensis in plumage, including the extent of feathering on the tarsus. The species occupies a breeding range parapatric, but with some overlap, to that of B. jamaicensis but occasionally breeds within a large area of the range of the latter in western Canada. It should be considered a full species based on lack of justification for considering it a subspecies, and the many differences between it and B. jamaicensis, which are greater than differences between any two subspecies of diurnal raptor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".