Impacts of four storms in December 2010 on the eastern Shore of Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of intense low pressure systems struck the Atlantic Maritime Provinces during each week in December 2010. Record storm surges during December 21 and 27 most impacted the shores of Cape Breton Island and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Impacts along the coastal highlands of Cape Breton Island were compounded by high river discharge and slope instability caused by heavy rainfall during the December 14 and 21 events. Detailed observations and repetitive surveys of physical impacts to specific shore types from the December 2010 storms were limited to shores east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The rapid succession of storms prohibited shoreline recovery and resulted in net shoreline retreat. Cumulative impacts of the storms included: an upper beach and backshore dune retreat of 7 to 9 m along sand and mixedsediment barrier beaches; a beach crest retreat of 2 to 4 m across high and low gravel barriers respectively; and a cliff top erosion of 1 to 1.8 m (between September 2010 and March 6, 2011) which was 4 to 7 times the average annual rate compiled between 1986 and 2009. Despite accelerated shore erosion caused by these storms, longer term evolutionary trends observed at select shores were only slightly altered. Longshore variations of storm impacts on specific beaches were a function of antecedent shore conditions. (a) At Miseners-Long Beach, representative of a high gravel barrier, increased changes across the upper beach and backshore signal future increased beach mobility, instability and a shift toward a low gravel barrier beach. (b) At Cow Bay Beach, representative of a low gravel barrier, the loss of small segments of high, narrow barrier, and the initiation of a new tidal channel signal continued rapid beach migration into Cow Bay Lake. (c) At Lawrencetown Beach, representative of a mixed sediment barrier, variable changes along the backshore revealed different longer term responses. To the east sediment deposition into backshore craters is depleting shoreface sand reserves and accelerating the breakdown of adjoining foredunes. To the west the movement of large quantities of coarse clasts to the upper beach imply it is evolving toward a high gravel barrier similar to Miseners-Long Beach. (d) At Conrads Beach, representative of a sand barrier, contrasting beach responses were recorded east and west of Fox Point. To the east, a maximum foredune retreat of 9.1 m was caused by repeated wave attack. To the west the foredune was cut back, however the change only represented a temporary interruption in a recent phase of foredune progradation since a tidal inlet was closed in the late 1980s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".