20. Yüzyıl Başlarında İstanbul'da Otomobil, Kazalar ve Trafik Düzenlemeleri
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The automobile emerged as a result of a series of technologies that were invented in the last quarter of the 19th century and shaped the 20th century world by influencing it from many aspects. Becoming an important part of world economy, it also fundamentally changed personal mobility, tourism, transportation, military constructions, etc. In this sense, it leads the inventions which have influenced today's world the most.Generally, in the Ottoman Empire and particularly in Istanbul, automobiles began to appear in streets during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. However, it did not become widespread due to such reasons as its being an expensive vehicle, in particular, insufficiency of roads, local unavailability of spare parts, etc. They were bought in limited numbers by government agencies and a few by capital owners and foreigners. Although the automobile did not rapidly become widespread in Istanbul, many car accidents occurred because the city was not suitable for automobile traffic, and the first traffic regulations for preventing such accidents were made in the same period. In the 1910’s, slow efforts were made for resolving issues which are presently vital such as driving licenses, license plates, road regulations and traffic rules.The current study aims to address accidents involving automobiles that took place in Istanbul in the first quarter of the 20th century and the regulations made for both preventing these accidents and also for ensuring safe and orderly operation of automobiles that showed up as a new technology. The main sources of the study include some archival documents of the period, the Police Magazine, and the press of the time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".