New Science Opportunities Enabled by LCLS-II X-Ray Lasers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This document attempts to capture the most compelling new science opportunities that are enabled by the unique capabilities of the new LCLS-II X-ray laser facility, namely: soft and tender X-rays (0.25 to 5 keV) at high repetition rates (up to 1 MHz) and hard X-rays (up to 25 keV) at 120 Hz. Many compelling areas of science have been identified by the scientific community, through a series of workshops over the past several years, where LCLS-II offers the potential to significantly advance our understanding. This document is not intended to be comprehensive of all the science to be pursued at the future LCLS facility. In particular, it does not capture important ongoing science that will continue to exploit the existing capabilities of the present LCLS facility. Nevertheless, this document will help to establish a scientific foundation for the new facility (encompassing present LCLS capabilities and new LCLS-II capabilities), and will inform LCLS strategic planning and investments over the next 5-10 years. The emphasis of this document is on identifying broad scientific opportunities, elucidating their potential impact, and providing a first-order link between these opportunities and LCLS-II capabilities. Brief descriptions are provided for various experimental approaches to be used, and novel new approaches to be developed, along with select examples of required optics and instruments. However, this document is not intended to capture all the optics and instrumentation requirements. Similarly it does not provide a detailed plan for instrumentation design or for any associated research and development that might be required. Balancing the scientific opportunities and impact, with instrumentation needs, available resources, and infrastructure, will be part of the LCLS planning process which this document will help to inform.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".