Continuous Wavelet Transform Method Applied to Sonic Echo Measurements of Unknown Bridge Foundations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foundation reuse for bridge replacement projects is an attractive and economical option in many cases but also presents significant challenges. One of these challenges is the need to characterize the length and condition of existing bridge foundation elements. Geophysical and non-destructive evaluation measurements play a critical role in this aspect of bridge foundation reuse. The focus of this paper is on the use of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) approach for interpreting sonic echo (SE) measurements. Measurements were performed on concrete piles from a 50-year old bridge that is being replaced. The SE data were collected and interpreted using conventional time domain arrival picks and the CWT method, using both amplitude and phase information. After testing, the piles were exhumed and ground truth measurements of length, condition, and seismic velocity were performed. The results from the CWT yielded consistent results with conventional methods. In some cases, the CWT allowed for interpretation that could not be made using conventional methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".