Both acute and chronic inflammation are associated with less perineural invasion in men with prostate cancer on repeat biopsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between acute and chronic inflammation with the presence of perineural invasion (PNI) in prostate biopsies positive for prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1 399 prostate biopsies positive for PCa in the Reduction by Dutasteride of PCa Events (REDUCE) study. PCa, acute and chronic prostate inflammation and PNI were assessed by central pathology review. The association between acute and chronic inflammation with PNI was evaluated using chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and logistic regression adjusting for clinicopathological and biochemical variables. RESULTS: The presence of PNI was identified in 133 biopsies (9.5%). In all, 267 biopsies (19.1%) had acute inflammation, 1 038 (74.2%) had chronic inflammation, and 255 (18.2%) had both. The presence of both acute and chronic inflammation had a mutual association (P < 0.001). Chronic inflammation was associated with a lower Gleason score (P = 0.009) and lower tumour volume (P < 0.001), while acute inflammation was associated with lower Gleason score (P = 0.04), lower tumour volume (P = 0.004) and higher prostate-specific antigen levels (P = 0.05). In both univariable and multivariable analyses, chronic prostate inflammation was significantly associated with less PNI (univariable odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.79, P = 0.001; multivariable OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.99, P = 0.045). Acute prostate inflammation was associated with less PNI only in univariable analysis (univariable OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.89, P = 0.018; multivariable OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.35-1.13, P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Acute and chronic prostate inflammation were both associated with a lower prevalence of PNI in prostate biopsies positive for PCa. If confirmed, this suggests that inflammation and immunomodulation can serve as areas of potential therapeutic design to mitigate PNI in patients with PCa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".