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Record W2806527028 · doi:10.15407/econlaw.2018.01.052

ABOUT LEGALIZATION OF EXHAUST (MAINING) CRYPTOCURRENCY BY THE TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

2018· article· en· W2806527028 on OpenAlex
Bogdan Derevyanko, Olha Turkot

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueEconomics and Law · 2018
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomic Issues in Ukraine
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCryptocurrencyCurrencyRemunerationBusinessCommerceLegal tenderEconomicsMonetary economicsFinance

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

In Ukraine, the cryptocurrency is viewed as a monetary surrogate. In many countries of the world, operations with cryptocurrency are more or less permitted. You can name countries such as Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Israel, Canada, China, Norway, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Germany, Croatia, Switzerland, Japan and others. On the basis of objective analysis and the study of examples from foreign experience, the legal regime of operations with the cryptocurrency is proposed to equalize with the legal regime of operations with foreign currency; legalize the mining of the cryptocurrency as a type of economic activity, introduce its licensing and taxation of income from it. Citizens of Ukraine are not forbidden to keep savings in foreign currency and exchange foreign currency for hryvnia and other foreign currency. Ukrainians can not receive wages or any remuneration in foreign currency on the territory of Ukraine, but they can earn or win foreign currency on the Internet. The same regime should receive cryptocurrency. And operations on mining of cryptocurrency should be licensed as highly profitable and requiring a special knowledge and skills type of economic activity. Applying income tax to miners is offered on general terms. Three ways of determining the amount of taxes are proposed: 1) granting access to representatives of the fiscal body to the computer program and purses of the cryptocurrency; 2) through the calculation by the representatives of the fiscal body of the average monthly volume of production of units of crypto currency for a certain equipment and, accordingly, in proportion to it, the amount of tax; 3) in proportion to the amount of electricity spent. The last two look the most real. In the case of taxation of operations on «mining» of cryptocurrencies, the state through the amount of electricity consumed can identify and control miners. It is concluded that the legalization of the state of the budget. REFERENCES Derevianko B.V. Ryzyky zdiisnennia operatsii z kryptovaliutoiu (bitkoinamy) hromadian i subiektiv hospodariuvannia Ukrainy. Forum prava. 2017. No. 3: 33—39. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/FP_index.htm_2017_3_8.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Protsenko A.T. Pravove rehuliuvannia obihu elektronnykh hroshei v Ukraini: dys. ... kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.07. K., 2016 [in Ukrainian]. Vyshnevska A.O. Rol kryptovaliuty dlia informatsiinoi ekonomiky Ukrainy ta svitu. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Cherkaskoho derzhavnoho tekhnolohichnoho universytetu. Ser. Ekonomichni nauky. 2017. No. 47: 13—17 [in Ukrainian]. Halushka Ye.O. Sutnist kryptovaliut ta perspektyvy yikh rozvytku. Molodyi vchenyi. 2017. № 4 (44): 634—638 [in Ukrainian]. Petruk O.M., Novak O.S. Sutnist kryptovaliuty yak metodolohichna peredumova yii oblikovoho vidobrazhennia. Visnyk ZhDTU. Ser. "Ekonomichni nauky". 2017. No. 4 (82): 48—55 [in Ukrainian]. Sokhatska O., Kurant T. Kryptovaliuty: zasib platezhu chy investytsiinyi instrument? Pershi naukovi chytannia pamiati S.I. Yuriia: zbirnyk nauk. prats. Za red. d.e.n., prof. O.P. Kyrylenko (26.11.2015. m. Ternopil). Ternopil: TNEU, 2015. S. 42—47 [in Ukrainian]. Yatskiv N.H., Yatskiv S.V. Perspektyvy vykorystannia tekhnolohii blokchein u merezhi internet rechei. Naukovyi visnyk NLTU Ukrainy. 2016. Vypusk 26.8: 381—387 [in Ukrainian]. Pro Natsionalnyi bank Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 20.05.1996 No. 679-XIV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1999. No. 29. St. 238 [in Ukrainian]. Pro platizhni systemy ta perekaz koshtiv v Ukraini: Zakon Ukrainy vid 05.04..2001 № 2346-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2001. No. 29. St. 137 [in Ukrainian]. Roziasnennia shchodo pravomirnosti vykorystannia v Ukraini “virtualnoi valiuty/kryptovaliuty” Bitcoin: Roziasnennia Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy vid 10.11.2014. Ofitsiinyi sait Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy. URL: https://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=11879608 [in Ukrainian]. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy vid 28.06.1996 No. 254k/96-VR. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1996. No. 30. St. 141 [in Ukrainian]. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 No. 435—IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. No. 40—44. St. 356 [in Ukrainian]. Pro systemu valiutnoho rehuliuvannia i valiutnoho kontroliu: Dekret Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 19.02.1993 No. 15— 93. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1993. No. 17. St. 184 [in Ukrainian]. Pro litsenzuvannia vydiv hospodarskoi diialnosti: Zakon Ukrainy vid 02.03.2015 No. 222-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2015. No. 23. St. 158 [in Ukrainian]. Pro zatverdzhennia pereliku orhaniv litsenzuvannia ta vyznannia takymy, shcho vtratyly chynnist, deiakykh postanov Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy: Postanova Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 05.08.2015 No. 609. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/609-2015-%D0%BF [in Ukrainian]. Podatkovyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 02.12.2010 No. 2755-VI. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2011. No. 13—14, 15—16, 17. St. 112 [in Ukrainian]. Kryminalnyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 05.04.2001 No. 2341-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2001. No. 25—26. St. 131 [in Ukrainian]. Kodeks Ukrainy pro administratyvni pravoporushennia vid 07.12.1984 No. 8073-X. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainskoi RSR. 1984. Dodatok do No. 51. St. 1122 [in Ukrainian].

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.914
Threshold uncertainty score0.677

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.034
GPT teacher head0.260
Teacher spread0.226 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it