A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${D}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Band Digital Transmitter with 64-QAM and OFDM Free-Space Constellation Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A D-band I/Q RF-DAC featuring two 6-bit DAC elements driven in quadrature, each with its own on-die antenna, and a total effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 13.2 dBm, is demonstrated in a 45-nm SOI-CMOS technology. The carrier signal is first amplified by the 30-dB gain LO path and is directly modulated by the 12 baseband bit streams, without linear upconversion or power amplification. QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM single-carrier (SC) and OFDM constellations are formed in free space and measured above the die at data rates up to 12 Gb/s and at distances over 15 cm. The large-signal bandwidth -from the carrier input pad to the output of the transmitter above the antennas- is 130-142 GHz and was obtained by sweeping the frequency of the D-band external carrier, modulating it on die at 0.4 Gb/s using 16-QAM format, and measuring the error vector magnitude (EVM) with an instrumentation receiver. The highest data rate of 12 Gb/s was measured for QPSK SC modulation with a corresponding EVM of -12.2 dB. Lower maximum data rates of 7 Gb/s with -14.3-dB EVM and 3.6 Gb/s with -19-dB EVM were observed for 16-QAM and 64-QAM formats, respectively. Spectral shaping and OFDM transmission were also demonstrated at up to 2.5 Gb/s. The prototype consumes a total of 1.25 W, with an energy efficiency of 104 pJ/b.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.695 | 0.450 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".