Studies on dielectric relaxation in relation to viscosity of some anilines, phenol, and their binary mixtures at microwave frequencies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present work, the study of variation of relaxation time (τ) with viscosity of the medium (η) is carried out on four polar samples: 2-Nitroaniline, 4-Bromoaniline, 4-Chloroaniline, 4-Chlorophenol, and also on the binary mixture of 2-Nitroaniline + 4-Bromoaniline at room temperature by using microwave bench operating at a frequency of 9.59 GHz. In this regard, the different parameters like dielectric constant ([Formula: see text]), dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]), relaxation time (τs), macroscopic steady state viscosity (ηs), dynamic viscosity (ηd), and viscoelastic relaxation time (τve) were determined for all the systems. It is observed that the relaxation time (τs) increases with the increase in the viscosity of the medium for all the systems. Plots of log(τs) versus log(ηs) for all the systems show that variation of relaxation time is found to be nonlinear in the higher viscosity regions. This suggests the failure of Debye’s theory at these regions. Further, the nonlinear behaviour of relaxation time with the viscosity is explained by using the viscoelastic model suggested by Barlow et al. (Proc. R. Soc. A 309, 473 (1969). doi: 10.1098/rspa.1969.0053 ). It is also observed that macroscopic steady state viscosity (ηs) values are greater than the dynamic viscosity (ηd), and viscoelastic relaxation time (τve) values were found to be lower compared to the relaxation time (τs). These results suggest that the effective frictional resistance experienced by the molecules during reorientation is lower and the measured values of macroscopic steady state viscosity (ηs) are frequency dependent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".