Labour Market Transition: Barriers and Supports for First Generation Immigrant and Refugee Youth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Immigrant and refugee youth (IRY) face higher unemployment rates than their Canadian-born counterparts (Statistics Canada, 2016). The barriers IRY face in their labour market transition (Shields et al., 2006) and the consequences of youth unemployment (Hammarström, 1994) are well-known. Informal sources of employment supports, such as that provided by one’s social networks, can help with one’s job search; however, IRY are recognized as lacking access to a vast and resourceful social network (Lauer et al., 2012). Little is known about how IRY navigate formal employment supports. In contributing to this gap in the literature, this study found that while formal employment supports (employment centres and employment programs and services) were regarded to be helpful to IRY, there existed barriers in their abilities to access employment centres and negative experiences with EPS were raised. IRY’s multidimensional identities and social positions underpin their experiences in navigating employment and employment supports.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".