DDT limits of ethanol–air in an obstacles-filled tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were performed to study flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in ethanol–air mixtures in a tube filled with orifice plates with a blockage ratio of 0.44. Tests were conducted at initial temperatures of 100 and 200°C, and initial pressures of 60 and 101 kPa. Experiments carried out at 60 kPa did not result in DDT, whereas tests performed at 101 kPa, at both 100 and 200°C, resulted in DDT for mixtures in the equivalence ratio range of 1.1–1.3. In a previous study, cell size data of a “double cell structure” have been obtained for mixtures of ethanol–air. Using the d/λ = 1 criterion (that has been confirmed in the tube and orifice plate geometry used in this study with gaseous fuels at room temperature), it was determined that the DDT limit correlates with the ethanol large-cell size reported in the previous study. As a result, for explosion safety purposes, the large-cell size data should be used for assessing the DDT potential of an ethanol–air mixture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".